Daily Economic Update: January 16, 2025

Investors expressed optimism with their trading following yesterday’s inflation report, sending stocks higher and yields lower by double digit basis points across most of the curve.  It was really the core CPI component that showed the most promise, with the MoM measure at 0.2% and the YoY measure at 3.2%, both below estimates. The headline numbers were in-line with estimates at 0.4% and 2.9% for MoM and YoY respectively.  Egg prices, oil prices continue to be volatile components while economists express some optimism over rents and alternative rent measures seem to indicate rents are no longer rising.  All that said, I don’t think it’s lost on anybody that these numbers are still above the Fed’s target and there is a big uncertainty around the impact of Trump policies and more specifically tariffs.

Bank earnings looked pretty solid across the board with some big beats on top line and earnings.  Reports of Israel and Hamas reaching a cease fire also seem optimistic.

The S&P traded up to 5,950, the 2Y yield fell back to 4.30% and the 10Y yield moved down to 4.66%.

On the day ahead it’s Retail Sales and Jobless claims as the highlight in data, but the Bessent hearing might be the real highlight.

The  last couple of weeks have brought the concept of “Term Premium” back on the radar. I was on this topic back in October and generally throughout 2024.  Remember me talking about trading steepeners?   As a reminder, Term Premium is the additional yield that investors require to move out on the yield curve, it’s the compensation for taking on additional interest rate risk. Conceptually, Term Premium, is a departure from a “pure expectations” theory of the yield curve, a theory that posits that yields on longer-dated maturity bonds are simply the average of the expected path of short term rates.  Term Premium would add to that expected path of short term rates and compensate the investor for uncertainty and other factors. Most of the talking of late is about how higher government debt levels can and do put upward pressure on longer-dated yields due to increased supply and investors require extra compensation to absorb that supply,  but of course there are other theories around term premium. A school of thought might say that when the term premium is high-enough it entices investors to move into bonds and perhaps not search for return through other investments.  Of course that rest on a premise that bonds are a substitute for stocks

While the Treasury curve has steepened and shows signs of increasing term premium, it’s kind of crazy that the SOFR swap curve remains super flat.  Negative swap spreads are a post for another day or another career era.

In completely unrelated news, Matt Levine wrote about a CFPB (Consumer Financial Protection Bureau) lawsuit against CapitalOne, which you can read about at a million places, just Google it. Anyway, I only write about it because I vividly remember calling CapitalOne after noticing they hadn't adjusted the rate on the 360 Savings account while simultaneously launching a new account at the higher market interest rate. I remember calling and asking why they couldn't just adjust the rate on my existing account, only to be told I would have to open a new account to get the new rate. Anyway it will be interesting to see how this ultimately shakes out.

XTOD: It’s funny to me that people who had money in the Madoff Ponzi scheme and the FTX fraud had better recovery rates (a -6% loss & an +18 to 43% profit respectively!) than any SPAC investor from 2021, most down by -90 to 100%.  Literal frauds were a better investments than SPACs!

XTOD: Stocks were down on news of a stronger economy  Now they are up on news things might be cooling off  Investing is easy

XTOD: If you are buying fintech “growth” stories, but have to worry about credit losses in a recession ($AFRM, $CVNA, etc.) or catastrophic insurance losses ($LMND), then you aren’t really buying a “growth” stock. You are buying a very pro-cyclical derivative.

XTOD: OUTLOOK-AT-RISK | JAN 2025  Downside risks to real GDP growth remain at historically normal levels, with the estimated conditional distribution of average growth over the next four quarters close to the unconditional distribution.   Charts | Data https://nyfed.org/41kwlUL

XTOD: Everything from a job offer to a marriage proposal is a yes to one thing and a no to hundreds of thousands of other opportunities. It’s easy—the universal default—to get pulled into the quicksand of half-hearted yesses and promiscuous overcommitment, ending up stressed and reactive, wondering where your time has gone.

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https://x.com/RealJimChanos/status/1879196701539618817

https://x.com/NYFedResearch/status/1879553035321426026

https://x.com/tferriss/status/1879205414480355587

Daily Economic Update: January 15, 2025

CPI Day is here.  Data from options markets suggest that we could experience big moves on the release, but we’ll see.  Recall that the Fed’s preferred inflation measure is PCE.  If you’re interested in how CPI and PCE relate, you’re in luck, the Cleveland Fed has a nice infographic explainer.  A couple of the important points highlighted in that piece are that: (1) since 2000, CPI has on average, been 0.39% higher than PCE, (2) PCE considers rural and urban households whereas CPI is focused on “urban” households, (3) the major differences in methodology are around healthcare and shelter.  PCE places a much higher weight on healthcare and a much lower weight on shelter than CPI.  I don’t know if that helps, but every major bank research desk will take the CPI report and attempt to map it to PCE to derive their forecast.

Yesterday PPI headline for MoM came in at 0.2% vs. 0.4% estimated, Core MoM is 0% also below estimates.  The YoY headline increased to 3.3% from 3.0% in the prior month, but was nonetheless below estimates, the YoY core was 3.5%. A report that seemed to breathe some relief into markets.

The S&P ended up with a slight gain and yields were mixed.  The 2Y is 4.38% and the 10Y is ~4.80%.  

Away from the U.S., Chinese yields remain largely the global outlier when it comes to rising yields, as fear of Chinese deflation continues.  A juxtaposition with other developed economies where yields have been rising, even Japanese long yields are hitting multi-decade highs.

CPI, Beige Book, Fedspeak and the start of bank earnings season are the big rocks for the day. The talk of “gradual tariffs” has been a topic of the last few days and Trump cabinet picks will be a hot topic for the coming days, especially Bessent as Treasury Secretary.

Sticking with the theme of r-star or the neutral rate.  Economist Brad DeLong posted his thoughts on the current macroeconomic environment in this substack post.  Heading into last Friday’s Jobs Report, DeLong was of the opinion the Fed should be “rapidly” cutting rates to 3%.  He spends the balance of the post discussing some dissenting ideas.  Ultimately he concludes his post with the following lamentation:

“The interesting analytic question raised by the most recent jobs report is whether my belief that “neutral” is in fact a 3%/year Federal Funds rate is correct. At the moment I still take refuge in the belief that (a) fiscal stimulative multipliers are somewhat higher than I had thought, and (b) irrational financial exuberance driven by the failure of investors to understand that an extra dollar of NVIDIA profits today is not a signal of rapid future economic growth driven by “AI”, but rather a transfer from tech platform oligopolists to NVIDIA driven by their belief that they have no choice right now but to pay NVIDIA through the nose to build “AI” capabilities to purchase insurance against the disruption of their platforms and the erosion of their platform-oligopoly profits. But that is a point for another day. However, let me set a timer: if what I regard as substantially restrictive interest rates do not bring signs of labor-market slowing, I am definitely going to have to rethink my views about what the American economy’s current neutral rate of interest is.”

XTOD: The book “Inner Excellence” by Jim Murphy that AJ Brown was reading on the sidelines yesterday moved up from 523,497th to 1st on Amazon’s best selling list.

XTOD: OF model Bonnie Blue says she has broken the world record by sleeping with 1,057 men in just 12 hours

XTOD: I don't think the average pension realizes how much long duration corporate paper they should own with yields at 6%...Most have a nominal return target in the range of 7-8%.... I don't know the right weight, but def should be higher than where it is today

XTOD: Investigators from South Korea’s Public Prosecution Office and police officers can now be seen approaching and moving past a third line of impeached President Yoon Seok-Yoel’s security to serve the arrest warrant against him. Two others, including his deputy chief of the presidential security service, are also a slated for arrest.

XTOD: Hard evidence of the Chinese Communist Party running the greatest Digital Trojan Horse EVER. TikTok’s supposed independence is a complete fraud.

XTOD: China said they stopped buying USTs on net in Nov-2013 - which is right when FDI into US equities broke out (blue), followed by QQQ.  Buffett called this "selling the family silver to fund consumption" 2 decades ago, but "USD Milkshake" does roll off the tongue a whole lot nicer.

XTOD: Luke fails to mention that this same thing has happened to Sovereign Bonds all over the world starting in 2014.  It's part of the reason we have seen rates rise, USD rise, US equities rise, and Gold rise...together. 

https://x.com/FieldYates/status/1878942604735193423

https://x.com/FearedBuck/status/1878872079577321935

https://x.com/HayekAndKeynes/status/1879012567047405631

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https://x.com/SantiagoAuFund/status/1879223984669233645

Daily Economic Update: January 14, 2025

Stocks eked out small gains yesterday. Yields rose slightly with the 2Y at 4.40% and 10Y 4.78%.  If you haven’t checked oil in a bit, it’s hit a 4-month high, some of the recent gains are attributable to further sanctions on Russian oil interest. Away from markets (for now), the impact of the ongoing tragedy that is that of the California wildfires is certainly something that will bear some continued watching.

In economic news, the NY Fed SCE showed: “Median inflation expectations were unchanged at 3.0 percent at the one-year-ahead horizon, increased to 3.0 percent from 2.6 percent at the three-year-ahead horizon, and declined to 2.7 percent from 2.9 percent at the five-year-ahead horizon.”  The survey also showed an increase in inflation uncertainty.  The rise of inflation expectations at the 3 year horizon doesn’t seem like something welcome by the Fed.  U.S. yields continued to climb and tech stocks got little reprieve from some of the recent selling.

While I move away from the discussion on valuations, in the first XTOD there is a link to an article titled 'Mega Cap World Domination' by Ben Carlson, that looks at some of what we’ve been discussing over the last week.  His answer to the current investment debate or what he calls, conundrum, is “I own index funds and I diversify.  Index funds will own the winners without having to pick them in advance. And diversification gives you the optionality to own the winners that often come from unexpected places.”

Today what we’ll touch on will combine two of the other major 2025 themes, one being fiscal policy and the other being “r-Star”.  So it’s fitting to discuss “Fiscal r-star”, an idea coined by Marijn Bolhuis, an economist at the IMF, recently discussed on David Beckworth’s podcast Macro Musings.  I mean who doesn’t need more largely unquantifiable “stars” to try to track?

So what is “fiscal r-star”?  It is the real interest rate that stabilizes a country's debt-to-GDP ratio when output is growing at potential and inflation is at target, given a path of primary deficits or surpluses set by the fiscal authority. This is distinct from the traditional concept of monetary r-star, which is the real interest rate that stabilizes inflation and maximizes sustainable employment.  Fiscal r-star can be thought of as the ceiling for real interest rates. If real interest rates rise above this ceiling, the debt-to-GDP ratio could increase rapidly (does this idea that higher interest rates can increase debt-to-GDP sound familiar to anyone??)

When you consider that the Fed’s liabilities are ultimately backed by the Federal Government and you look at things from a consolidated balance sheet perspective, Bohuis’ work highlights the tensions between fiscal and monetary policy.  If fiscal policy is passive (meaning that fiscal authorities adjust spending and taxes to stabilize debt levels), then fiscal and monetary r-star will be the same. However, if fiscal policy is active and not responding to debt levels, the two can diverge.  Under this framework a situation that could occur is that monetary r-star (the real rate needed to keep inflation in check) can exceed fiscal r-star (a lower rate needed to keep debt-to-gdp in check) which creates a tension that needs to be resolved.

So how might such a tense situation be resolved?  Well, a few ways pop out. One is that the fiscal house gets itself in order by reducing spending, creating growth or otherwise raising revenue.  Other resolutions could be steps taken by the Fed toward keeping rates lower at the expense of allowing higher inflation or other regimes of financial repression.  All said the possibility that the U.S. may currently find itself in a situation where this “tension” exists is potentially concerning.  Bolhuis also mentions that these larger fiscal-monetary gaps can increase the risks of an economic crisis.

Because of the risk that the Central Bank could keep rates low to accommodate fiscal authorities in times of tension, Bolhuis believes it is wise to maintain central bank independence. Perhaps subscribing to my favorite definition of central bank independence helps prevent a fiscal-monetary r-star gap.  That definition is by Peter Stella and reads: “I define central bank independence in one sentence, it's the ability to raise interest rates when the Treasury doesn't want you to. And the Treasury almost never wants you to, because of the cost of the debt.”

All of this still seems to leave open a core dilemma of sorts. The central bank is tasked with maintaining price stability, which typically involves raising interest rates to cool an overheating economy. However, if fiscal policy remains expansionary despite rising interest rates, it can create a vicious cycle. Higher rates increase the cost of government borrowing, leading to larger deficits and potentially even more borrowing, which could further fuel inflation.   This sounds very much like the Fiscal Theory of the Price Level to me.  During Carter’s funeral last week, I mentioned Volcker.  Stories from the Volcker era indicate that politicians took seriously the size and cost of financing budget deficits and clearly Volcker operated independently, essentially urging fiscal authorities to get their act together. 

If I had one takeaway from this work on “fiscal r-star” is that it highlights what appears to be somewhat of an inherent truth that to achieve the “best” macroeconomic outcomes there needs to be some level of coordination between the fiscal and monetary authority in working towards their objectives, or at least some explicit acknowledgment of the trade-offs.   Perhaps this paper highlights something John Cochrane often states (see this post from September) : “almost all current theories mix a fiscal tightening with a rise in interest rates. The rise in interest rates by itself has essentially no power to lower inflation.”  

You should obviously form your opinion on whether the concept of “fiscal r-star” and “fiscal-monetary gap” are valid and useful concepts and from there what implications there might be for investors if you reach an opinion that the U.S. is at risk due to such a fiscal-monetary gap.  Lastly, keep in mind this is different from “fiscal dominance” which is the idea that when government borrowings get so large the central bank is forced to keep rates low to accommodate those deficits and is something of the outcome after the fiscal-monetary gap crosses some tipping point.  

XTOD: What's the more likely scenario? 1. We have an AI bubble that turns into a bust (even if AI tech is huge in the long  run)  or  2. Mega cap world domination rolls on I have some thoughts:  https://awealthofcommonsense.com/2025/01/mega-cap-world-domination/

XTOD: Why it’s still early for crypto: We polled advisors across the country, and only 35% said they are able to buy crypto in client accounts today.  Worth noting: Advisors manage roughly half of all wealth in America.  There’s still a lot of room to run.

XTOD: As long as Marc Andreessen keeps promoting a16z's crypto vaporware, he doesn't belong anywhere near the levers of power. Ditto for crypto grifters like David Sacks and Howard Lutnick.  There's no excusing their behavior.

XTOD: Private equity is “leveraged micro-caps with lockups and high fees” and private credit is “high-interest-rate loans that banks wouldn’t touch.” [Rasmussen] warns advisors not to  let the “smoothed returns and laundered volatility trick you into thinking these aren't high-risk, high-fee assets with a lot of blow-up potential.” https://fa-mag.com/news/2025-may-be-a-whole-new-world-for-alternative-assets-80954.html

XTOD: Stan gave me this advice before my 1st born 15+ yrs ago.Best parenting advice I got.  TIME is all we have. Minimize regrets

XTOD: Habits that have a high rate of return in life:

- sleeping 8+ hours each day

- lifting weights 3x week

- going for a walk each day

- saving at least 10 percent of your income

- reading every day

- drinking more water and less of everything else

- leaving your phone in another room while you work

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https://x.com/BitwiseInvest/status/1878885763418652976

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https://x.com/JamesClear/status/1878890125306011971

Daily Economic Update: January 13, 2025

Friday’s payrolls report was a major beat on the headline (+256K v. 160K est) and showed a declining unemployment rate (from 4.2% to 4.1%).  You couple that with a UofM survey that showed consumers increasing their inflation expectations and you get a recipe for higher yields.  Yields moved the most in the belly of the curve, but were up across the board. Bank research desk seemingly rushed to change their rate cut forecast, with I believe BofA moving to zero cuts in 2025.  On the other side, some of the Goldman team is now in the camp that the market forward curve is probably too hawkish over the next couple of years: “We have more conviction that market pricing as a statement about the probability-weighted path of the funds rate over the next few years across many possible scenarios is too hawkish.”  

Rising yields weighed on equities as investors decided that higher yields do result in lower present values of future earnings.  Long duration equities were most impacted.   Major indexes declined over 1% on the day Friday and the S&P is at 5,827.

The 2Y starts the week at 4.38% and the 10Y at 4.76%.  On the week ahead bank earnings will be in focus along with inflation data:

Mon: NY Fed consumer inflation expectations

Tue: PPI, Fedspeak

Wed: CPI, Fed Beige Book, Fedspeak

Thur: Retail Sales, Jobless Claims

Fri: Building Permits, Housing Starts, Industrial Production

Moving away from the news of the moment, we’ll start this week with the best I can do to describe the counter to the “trees don’t grow to the sky” narrative, a narrative that in some ways says “this time is different”, arguing that long-term growth investing is a superior strategy in an age where some companies appear to have the potential for sustained, superlinear or exponential growth perspectives that don’t revert to a mean.  Perhaps one thing the meta-narratives have in common is the idea of disruption, but they come at it from different angles. The traditional approach is disruption leads to business cycles and as a result somewhat more of a mean reversion mindset, while the “this time is different” approach is essentially one of just finding those disruptive companies and if you do there is no necessary end to the high-growth trends.

At the heart of the argument seems to be an emphasis of increasing returns to scale, particularly in knowledge based industries with high levels of intangible assets, where success begets more success.  I write this not to imply that investors with this growth oriented mindset believe that trends last forever, rather that they believe there are plenty of opportunities to find companies with sustainable, competitive moats and leaders capable of continued innovation in the face of competition.  They don’t dismiss there are some ultimate limits to market growth and product or service saturation, but would rather likely espouse that the market as a whole has a hard time pricing in the type of exponential growth these types of companies are capable of achieving.  Along those lines, they would likely argue that traditional valuation metrics fail to capture the paradigm shift these companies operate in and their ability to scale often with limited physical assets, resulting in market inefficiencies.

Another approach to investing that runs counter to the “trees don’t grow to the sky” narrative is one that was employed by Nick Sleep and Qais Zakaria when they ran their Nomad Investment Partnership and that tactic was to invest in business models that they describe as “scale economies shared”.  Nick and Zakaria were early and persistent investors in Amazon which they described as a potential “mouse that can turn into an elephant.”  The concept of Scale Economies Shared was central to their philosophy and born from an observation regarding one of Charlie Munger's favorite investments, Costco.  The idea is that there are companies that pass on the cost savings from scale and efficiency improvements to customers in the form of lower prices and as a result these companies continuously gain market share and retain large loyal customer base (a virtuous cycle) that over the long term leads to much larger amounts of free cash flow and much more valuable companies than most investors realize.  They called Amazon “Costco on speed.” Further these types of companies not only grow in good times, but they tend to also perform well in bad times due to their cost advantages.  Inherent in the investment philosophy of Nomad Investment Partners was that there is potential for sustained, long-term growth in exceptional businesses and certain businesses can defy mean-reversion. I should note that Nick and Zakaria were definitely long-term oriented, thinking in terms of decades, not quarters.  They also placed a lot of importance on finding exceptional businesses that were run by exceptional leaders (often founders) as these companies with strong leadership, innovative cultures, and customer centricity would likely be the ones to adapt, evolve, survive and ultimately defy growth expectations.  They have more in common with Buffett than say Cathie Wood in their approach to investing.

I probably didn’t do the discussion of this “meta-view” justice, but I’ll leave you with two ideas, both of which relate to investment time horizons.

“A lot of financial debates are just people with different time horizons talking over each other.” - Morgan Housel

“You can't make a baby in one month by getting nine woman pregnant” - Warren Buffett

No matter where you stand on the meta-investment narrative and your opinion on the application to markets today (including crypto 🙂), the wisdom that you want to leave yourself the room to survive short-term setbacks in order to stick around long-term growth is probably not too controversial.

XTOD: zuck says meta is putting in cubicles. it’s bringing back scotch at lunch and smoking in the office. zuck says the company amex cards work at the strip clubs again. he says it’s back to suit & tie dress code. zuck says they’re reinstalling the asbestos. zuck says no irish allowed

XTOD: "LinkedIn is OnlyFans for middle managers"

XTOD: A friend recently sent me a 2010 article of mine that shows that nearly everything we are discussing today was already an issue 15 years ago when, to most of the world, the Chinese economy seemed in excellent shape and its rapid rise unstoppable. What's interesting to me is that even back in 2010, some of us were saying that "low consumption in China is not a discrete problem that can be resolved with administrative measures". What was required was a transformation of the domestic distribution of income.

XTOD: "We may miss large profits from a major rebound in bond prices. However, our unwillingness to fix a price now for a pound of See's candy to be delivered in [30 years]  makes us equally unwilling to buy bonds which set a price on money now for use [then]." Warren Buffett

XTOD: I've always liked @nntaleb 's terms "extremistan" and "mediocristan" to describe the statistical setting you are looking at.  Natural catastrophes are part of extremistan, where a single loss can be larger than all prior large losses combined.

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https://x.com/michaelxpettis/status/1877943509803471266

https://x.com/trengriffin/status/1878194152850292899

https://x.com/mikeandallie/status/1878053972558197238

Daily Economic Update: January 10, 2025

Jobs’ Day in ‘merica.  Consensus is for the headline to be ~160K (down from the 220K reading in the prior month) with the unemployment rate rising to 4.3%.  This one could be interesting, if readings are strong, the thinking is the relentless strength of the USD continues as will the “higher for longer” narrative. But what would a reaction to a bad miss look like?  We go into Jobs with a S&P around 5,900, a 2Y ~4.30% and a 10Y ~4.70%.

Whatever the outcome, pressure certainly seems to be building on foreign currencies and foreign yields, with the UK front and center with GBP at 1Y weakness and UK yields moving into Liz Truss and ‘head of lettuce’ territory with a 30bp move in 10Y yields in just 3 days.  It’s kind of crazy, but reflecting on Jimmy Carter and stories of the late 70s, it’s almost hard to believe how much political attitudes towards deficits have shifted towards a lack of real concern over debt and deficits.  When you think about the fiscal situation in many economies take a look at the commentary below from John Cochrane.   

Let's close out the week with some odds and ends you might find interesting.  Next week we’ll attempt to tackle the other side of the meta-narrative, that being that not everything is cyclical and mean reverting.  Be on the lookout for that post Monday morning.  If you missed the previous posts from this week on business cycles, credit cycles and CAPE, you should read them before Monday.

Before we get to Monday, here’s Buffett and Munger weighing in on the “trees don’t grow to the sky” narrative, with this excerpt from their 1999 shareholder meeting:

 

WB: "If U.S. GDP grows 4% - 5% a year, with 1% - 2% inflation, which would be a very good result, I think it’s very unlikely that corporate profits will grow at a greater rate than that... You can’t constantly have corporate profits growing at a faster rate than GDP. Obviously, in the end, they’d be greater than GDP. It’s like somebody who said New York has more lawyers than people... So, if you have a situation where the best you can hope for in corporate profit growth over the years is 4% - 5%, how can it be reasonable to think that equities, which are a capitalization of corporate profits, can grow at 15% a year? It is nonsense, frankly. People are not going to average 15% a year or anything like it in equities. I would almost defy them to show me, mathematically, how it can be done in aggregate... The only money investors are going to make, in the long run, are what the businesses make. Nobody’s adding to the pot. People are taking out from the pot, in terms of frictional cost: investment management fees, brokerage commissions, all of that... [Corporate profits] can’t double in five years with GDP growing 4% a year or some number like that. It would produce things so out of whack, in terms of experience in the American economy, that it won’t happen... If you trace out the mathematics of something and bump into absurdities, you better change your expectations."  

CM: "There are two great sayings. One is, 'If a thing can’t go on forever, it will eventually stop.' And the other I borrowed from my friend, Fred Stanback: 'People who expect perpetual growth in real wealth in a finite earth are either mad men or economists.'"

Away from the meta-narrative topic, here’s a couple of economic related posts you might have missed.

From Allison Schrager: Risk Management 2025 Style.

• I don’t know what will happen, and no one else does either.

• I am of the mind that the term premium is the most important of all macro/financial indicators.

• Higher rates are back—up and down the curve—and the term premium tells us nearly everything we need to know. If it continues to increase, it suggests a higher growth and risk environment. Which, frankly, is how it should be.

• In a higher rate environment, institutional investors will crave less yield, making expensive fees and liquidity lock-ups less appealing. This shift will expose underperforming private investments.

• Moving into a high-rate for longer environment will reveal where all the bodies are buried in financial markets. And no place is more opaque and full of skeletons than private markets. Maybe this is the year we find out what’s in there.

• As long as uncertainty exists, there’s no such thing as good or bad debt—only good or bad risk management. This means selecting prudent investments, managing their costs, carefully structuring financing (such as loan types and interest rate risk), hedging and insurance. It sounds obvious, but these considerations are often overlooked, particularly in public finance.

From John Cochrane: Inflation and the Macroeconomy

• A one-time fiscal shock gives rise to a one-time rise in the price level. (I owe a lot to George Hall and Tom Sargent, and to Jim Bullard for this analogy.) There is nothing specially fiscal theory in this story. Fiscal theory emphasizes an aspect that is true in all models, however: debt and deficits only cause inflation when people do not expect the new debt to be repaid by higher future surpluses. Debt that will be repaid doesn’t cause inflation.

• A one-time unfunded fiscal shock produces a one-time rise in the price level, an inflation surge that can go away on its own. That otherwise puzzling easing is even clearer evidence for this story. Raising interest rates helps bring down inflation more quickly, but at the cost of somewhat more persistent inflation, just as we are seeing.

• surely our policy maker’s realization that they did overdo it, and consequence reluctance to take responsibility. They should say “Yes. We faced the pandemic and its aftermath with $9 trillion of vital extra spending. We took most of that out of the pockets of government bond holders with a 20% haircut via inflation rather than raise taxes for a generation. We faced supply and relative demand shocks, and chose to make all prices rise rather than some, and especially wages, decline, which we thought would cause a recession. You’re welcome.”  Instead, a dog-ate-my-homework attitude pervades

• If we are not proud of this inflation, being honest about what happened is the necessary first step to not repeating it in the next shock..

• If businesses could forecast that prices would go up next year, they would raise prices now. Hence inflation will always be somewhat unpredictable.

• Tariffs are a corporate tax on imports, partially passed on to consumers. Corporate income taxes are also partially passed on to consumers. You can’t bemoan the inflationary effect of tariffs and deny the same effect of corporate taxes.

• Fundamentally, inflation comes from debt we won’t or can’t repay. Long run tax revenue is good for inflation, but that mostly comes from more growth not higher tax rates.

• The biggest question for inflation, in my view, is how we will react to the next shock. Bird flu could break out and be much worse than Covid. China could blockade Taiwan, provoking a catastrophic global trade, supply, and financial meltdown. A severe global recession could break out. What happens then? Uncle Sam will come knocking for $10 trillion.

• The Fed will be pressured to buy all the new debt again, and hold down rates so the government can borrow cheaply. And Inflation could be the least of our problems. What happens when the US and other governments are unable to raise what they need?

• You should read the concluding couple of paragraphs.

Marcus Nunes with a response to Cochrane

• I think there is a much simpler and consistent answer.  My “guiding light” is the equation of exchange in growth form: m+v=p+y, where m is the growth in money supply, v is velocity growth, p the inflation rate and y the growth of real output. Then, p+y is the growth of nominal aggregate spending or NGDP.

• Market Monetarists, on the other hand, assume velocity can change. Therefore, monetary policy should be conducted so as to keep NGDP growth stable. For that to happen, the Fed should strive to vary money supply growth to adequately offset changes in velocity growth.

• At the start of the C-19 pandemic, velocity growth tanks, so NGDP falls way below trend, bringin inflation far below target. The Fed, however, reacts quickly, increasing money supply growth to try to offset the fall in velocity growth.

• One effect of the big microeconomic shocks was to significantly disrupt relative prices. By February 2021, NGDP had reached the trend path it was on following the Great Recession. Should the Fed have acted to constrain NGDP to remains on that path?

• relative price disruptions can be so large that trying to keep NGDP at the stable path that prevailed before the shock can have significant long term negative consequences. Therefore, there may be situations, hopefully rare, when a higher stable path is desirable

• “why is inflation stuck at 2.5%”, I feel comfortable to argue that results from putting a large weight on Owners Equivalent Rent (OER), which is an imputed prie, a price that no one pays, and suffers from lagged calculations.

XTOD: Below we see the share of the top 10 and top 50 stocks in the US. A popular narrative making the rounds on Wall Street in recent weeks is that this concentration will lead to a long winter of below-average returns.  Much like the CAPE model (which states that high P/E’s lead to lower 10-year returns), a high concentration can diminish future returns.  At first glance, that seems plausible, per the chart below.  It shows the concentration of the top 50 lagged by 10 years (and fitted to show the suggested return), with the suggestion that the next 10 years will produce below-average returns.  If true, a new secular winter is coming fairly soon. However, both the CAPE model and concentration thesis count on mean reversion: that the pendulum will swing the other way.  But as the first chart shows, the pendulum doesn’t always swing the other way, at least not right away.  Periods of top-heavy concentration can last for decades, as was the case during the 1950’s and 1960’s.  The chart above is compelling because it captures the .com bubble, which did indeed mean-revert, but if we take that math back to the 1920’s (below), we see that it’s far from consistent.

XTOD: There is something that I find very perplexing. There was no mention of talking about ending QT in the minutes.   Anyone involved in markets is fully aware that QT combined with a heavy issuance calendar is straining GC and causing SOFR spread to FFR to gap.  This is now penalising USTs levered longs and feeding into TP.  If these liquidity strains are visible to everyone, surely they are visible to the Fed. With the cost of financing for secured longs HIGHER than lending unsecured intrabank held at the Fed, looks like the FOMC is actually looking for a liquidity driven tantrum.  Yes reserves are still high but balance sheets are strained.

XTOD: Perhaps one of the GREATEST five-day stretches of football this world has EVER known begins today.   Enjoy.

https://x.com/TimmerFidelity/status/1870135320508870747

https://x.com/INArteCarloDoss/status/1877392425112449319

https://x.com/BenScottStevens/status/1877355165545578764